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<text>•How to Use This Stack•What are X-Rays Characteristics of X-Rays X-Rays and the Electromagnetic Spectrum •X-Ray Mini Facts History Hazards to Health •Generating X-Rays The Natural Way The X-Ray Tube •Radiographs: How They work •Uses for X-Rays Medicine Astronomy Industry Biology •Index •About This Stack </text>
<text>When X-Rays pass through the regular lattice of a crystal they interfere with each and form a "interference pattern" (regular pattern of dots) on a photographic plate. The image can be analyzed by a computer and transformed into a map of how the atoms are arranged within the crystals.</text>
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<text>Just as radiography can be used to see the internal structure of patients, X-Rays can also be used to find flaws in large metal artifacts. For example, X-Rays are used periodically to find flaws in jet engines that, under the typical stress of usage, could cause breakage of the engine in flight.</text>
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<text>Some specific plastics can harden and become stronger when exposed to X-Rays, and, because of this, some industries treat plastics with X-Rays.</text>
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<text>Since the 1980's, X-Rays have been used to fabricate smaller integrated circuits than ever before. Previously, integrated circuits were made by exposing a waffle coated with a photosensitive material to a pattern of light corresponding to the circuit desired. The exposed material could be then eaten away by acids and the non-exposed material would be left over to form the circuit. But, as circuits got smaller and smaller, the wavelength of light became too long, so it was replaced with X-Rays that have a much shorter wavelength.</text>
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<text>Since X-Rays can penetrate many materials, they are used in airports to check for weapons or explosives in luggages without actually having to open them.</text>
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<text>Since X-Rays can ionize atoms within the cells of living organisms, excessive amounts of it can be deadly to the organism. For this reason, X-Rays are used to sterilize objects that are sensitive to heat.</text>
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<text>Because X-Rays ionize the atoms within the cells of a living organism, they can be used to alter the DNA of a cell, thus causing mutations in further generations of the organism.</text>
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<text>•Finding Black Holes•X-Ray Telescopes</text>
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<text>A process in which X-Rays can be used to view blood vessels and therefore can be used to detect their narrowing due to residue built-up.</text>
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<text>The process in which a machine takes several radiographs of a patient at various different angles. The radiographs are then combined, by a computer, into a three dimensional image of the patients internal organs.</text>
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<text>Dentists use X-Rays to take radiographs of the teeth of their patients thus enabling them to detect disease and cavities and to examine the alignment of teeth and their roots much easier and accurately then by other methods.</text>
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<text>Flouroscopy is used when it is needed to see internal organs in action. The patient is placed between a X-Ray source and a screen coated with a fluorescent material that glows when struck by X-Rays. The image is brightened by a "image intensifier" and it is shown on a screen where the doctor can observe it.</text>
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<text>A radiography is probably the most well known use for X-Rays. It is the process in which patients are placed between a source of X-Rays and a sheet of photographic film. Once the film is developed, areas of different density show up as shades from black to white. Doctors can use radiographs to diagnose diseases, detect foreign objects in the body and study damaged or broken bones.</text>
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<text>Radio therapy is when X-Rays (or any other kind of radiation) is used to treat diseases such as cancer. Since X-Rays ionize atoms, it causes greater damage to rapidly multiplying cells, since their genetic material is sensitive to radiation. Because of this, cancer cells can be destroyed by bursts of intense X-Rays with minimal damage to the healthy cells around it.</text>
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<text>When matter is accelerated towards the center of a black hole, it releases a short burst of X-Rays before disappearing forever. The X-Rays emit can be used to find the black holes.</text>
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<text>Since most heavenly bodies emit X-Rays and other types of radiation, X-Ray telescopes are useful since they can see objects conventional telescopes cannot.</text>
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<text><span class="style2"> Radiographs are probably the most commonly known use of X-Rays in medicine and most people have had one taken at least once in their lives. For those who have not guessed yet, radiographs are those black transparent pictures doctors use to view bones and other internal organs. The process is simple: The patient is placed in between a X-Ray source and a photographic film. As the X-Rays pass through the patients body it is absorbed by different amounts depending on the density and quantity of tissue the X-Ray has to penetrate. The more X-Rays get through the darker the area will be on the photographic film, and for this reason bones show up as white, since they absorb more X-Rays. The next few cards will demonstrate how the tissue density affects the shades of gray on the film.</span></text>
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<text>This is the Andromeda galaxy. It is over 2 million light years away from our galaxy.</text>
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<text>Generating X-Rays: The Natural Way.</text>
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<text>How to use this stack</text>
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<text> This stack was set up originally for a classroom presentation, and for this reason it's interactivity is minimal. As an result, this stack may be thought of as an animated slide show. To advance to the next card, click in any empty region of the card. In addition to going forwards, each card has two buttons that enable you to navigate easily: The backwards button lets you go back to review previous cards and the index button transfers you to a index that lets you go to any topic or section instantly. To advance to the next card and to begin the presentation click in any empty space on this card. </text>
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<text><span class="style1">or more information on this stack and its distribution, please click here</span></text>
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 (January 1993).iso/Files/Hyper/U-Z/X-Ray Stack.cpt/X-Ray Stack/BMAP_9624.png){kind=link}
 (January 1993).iso/Files/Hyper/U-Z/X-Ray Stack.cpt/X-Ray Stack/PATs.png){kind=link}